中国生物化学与分子生物学会代谢专业分会

中国生物化学与分子生物学会代谢专业分会

Division of Metabolism, CSBMB

Division of Metabolism, CSBMB

肿瘤代谢:癌细胞如何“重编程”自己

肿瘤代谢:癌细胞如何“重编程”自己

朱思意,中南大学代谢综合征研究中心

孟文,中南大学湘雅二医院肿瘤中心/中南大学代谢综合征研究中心

一、起源与定义

  在正常的细胞中,在氧气充足时,会将葡萄糖经糖酵解,TCA循环和氧化磷酸化完全分解,最终产生大量的ATP,少量的CO2和H2O,为人体供能。只有在缺氧时,正常细胞才被迫启动乳酸发酵,产生乳酸与少量 ATP,作为应急供能手段。然而德国生化学家Otto Warburg在20世纪20年代发现:即便有氧,癌细胞仍把 >80 % 的葡萄糖转化为乳酸,获得快速但低效的 ATP,这一“有氧糖酵解”现象后来被称Warburg效应[1, 2]

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图1 肿瘤细胞的“代谢重编程”示意图

二、肿瘤代谢四大特征

   代谢优势:首先,肿瘤细胞膜上GLUT1 (葡萄糖转运体1) 的表达量比正常细胞高100倍以上,因此肿瘤细胞可进行超高葡萄糖摄取。其次由于其不经过氧化磷酸化,即无需跨膜转运和电子传递链的限速步骤,所以其酶促反应速率远高于氧化磷酸化,糖酵解的 ATP 产率虽低,但可非常迅速提供 ATP;同时,上游中间体(如 3-磷酸甘油醛、丙酮酸、柠檬酸等)可直接进入磷酸戊糖途径、脂质合成及氨基酸合成通路,为核酸、脂质和氨基酸的合成提供原料;此外肿瘤细胞会下调分化相关高耗能通路(如氧化磷酸化、尿素循环),将有限 ATP 集中于 DNA 复制、细胞周期驱动,实现持续增殖[3-5]

   微环境酸化:持续的糖酵解使乳酸大量外排,导致肿瘤间质 pH 迅速降至 6.2–6.8。该酸性微环境通过两条并行且相互增强的途径推动肿瘤进展:1.直接效应——组织损伤与免疫抑制:低 pH 破坏细胞外基质并诱导正常细胞凋亡,同时抑制 T 细胞与 NK 细胞的活性,从而削弱宿主免疫监视、促进局部侵袭;2.间接效应——酶级联激活:酸度通过质子感应受体(如 GPR4/68)上调并活化基质金属蛋白酶 MMP-2/9,加速基底膜降解,为远处转移打开通路。此外,乳酸、酮体及犬尿氨酸在低 pH 条件下作为信号分子,激活 HIF-1α、GPR81 和 AHR 等轴,进一步驱动血管新生、免疫逃逸及远端转移即[6-11]

   能量储备:肿瘤细胞在能量充裕时,先将过剩的葡萄糖转化为糖原(储于胞质颗粒)或甘油三酯(储于脂滴),形成可随时动员的碳/能量库。当化疗药物或放射线造成 DNA、脂质和蛋白质损伤时,PARP、ATM/ATR 及 AMPK 等应激通路被激活,肿瘤细胞瞬时 ATP 需求骤增,陷入急性能量危机。同时,肿瘤细胞通过两条并行机制应对:1.快速供能:糖原磷酸化酶和脂肪酶被 AMPK 等信号迅速激活,糖原→葡萄糖-1-P、甘油三酯→游离脂肪酸→β-氧化→乙酰-CoA,维持线粒体 TCA 循环通量和 ATP 产出;同时 NADPH 水平得以保持,用于抗氧化;2.损伤修复:醛缩酶 A、PKM2 及 NADPH 生成体系(G6PD、ME1、IDH1)同步上调,既维持 GSH/GSSG 还原状态,又增强 DNA 损伤修复能力。上述双重机制显著提高肿瘤细胞在代谢胁迫下的存活率,从而削弱放化疗疗效[12-16]

   多底物共摄取:肿瘤细胞在大量消耗葡萄糖的同时,对谷氨酰胺、脂肪酸、酮体及乙酸也表现出高亲和力摄取。为满足持续增殖所需的碳源与能量,肿瘤进一步分泌 PTHrP、IL-6 等细胞因子,远程动员骨骼肌和脂肪组织分解,使释放的氨基酸与脂肪酸经血流输送至肿瘤微环境,作为替代底物。由此造成的系统性营养耗竭,最终表现为进行性消耗综合征——恶病质[17-19]

   综上,肿瘤细胞通过重编程葡萄糖、氨基酸及脂质代谢,构建快速供能、微环境酸化、能量储备与多底物共摄取的协同网络,驱动增殖、免疫逃逸及转移。精准干预其关键节点,并联合免疫治疗,有望逆转代谢依赖,重塑抗肿瘤微环境,为临床提供新策略。

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